Greek | Meaning | Notes |
---|---|---|
ὑπάρχω | I am, exist | |
σημεῖον, -ου, τό | sign | |
ψυχή, -ῆς, ἡ | soul | |
ὥστε | so that | |
ὧδε | here, hither | |
διώκω | I persecute, pursue | |
μή | not | used with modes other than indicative |
μηδέ | and not, nor, not even | like οὐδέ used like μή |
μηδέ ... μηδέ | neither ... nor | like οὐδέ ... οὐδέ used like μή |
μηκέτι | no longer | like οὐκέτι used like μή |
εἰπών | saying | second aorist participle for εἶπον |
ἰδών | seeing | second aorist participle for εἶδον |
Lexical Study
First Aorist Active Participle
- There is no augment ε because the time is dependent upon the main verb of the sentence.
- The first aorist active participle has the first aorist σα- tense suffix added to the stem.
Singular | |||
Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
---|---|---|---|
NOM | λύσας | λύσασα | λῦσαν |
GEN | λύσαντος | λυσάσης | λύσαντος |
DAT | λύσαντι | λυσάσῃ | λύσαντι |
ACC | λύσαντα | λύσασαν | λῦσαν |
Plural | |||
Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
NOM | λύσαντες | λύσασαι | λύσαντα |
GEN | λυσάντων | λυσασῶν | λυσάντων |
DAT | λύσασι (ν) | λυσάσαις | λύσασι (ν) |
ACC | λύσαντας | λυσάσας | λύσαντα |
First Aorist Middle Participle
- There is no augment added to the beginning of the participle
- The passive is different from the middle
- The aorist stem is followed by the middle participle suffix -μεν-
- The 2nd declension endings are added to the masculine and neuter
- The 1st declension endings are added to the feminine
- The First Aorist Middle Participle looks like the present middle participle except for the suffix -μεν- added after -σα-
- Thus: stem+σα+μεν+regular noun endings
Singular | |||
Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
---|---|---|---|
NOM | λυσάμενος | λυσαμένη | λυσάμενον |
GEN | λυσαμένου | λυσαμένης | λυσαμένου |
DAT | λυσαμένῳ | λυσαμένῃ | λυσαμένῳ |
ACC | λυσάμενον | λυσαμένην | λυσάμενον |
Plural | |||
Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
NOM | λυσάμενοι | λυσάμεναι | λυσάμενα |
GEN | λυσαμένων | λυσαμένων | λυσαμένων |
DAT | λυσαμένοις | λυσαμέναις | λυσαμένοις |
ACC | λυσαμένους | λυσαμένας | λυσάμενα |
Second Aorist Active Participle
- There is no augment
- The second aorist participle is built on the second aorist stem
- The endings are just like the present active participle
- The primary difference between the 2nd Aorist Active participle and the Present active participle is the use of the 2nd Aorist stem
Singular | |||
Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
---|---|---|---|
NOM | λιπών | λιποῦσα | λιπόν |
GEN | λιπόντος | λιπούσης | λιπόντος |
DAT | λιπόντι | λιπούσῃ | λιπόντι |
ACC | λιπόντα | λιποῦσαν | λιπόν |
Plural | |||
Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
NOM | λιπόντες | λιποῦσαι | λιπόντα |
GEN | λιπόντων | λιπουσῶν | λιπόντων |
DAT | λιποῦσι (ν) | λιπούσαις | λιποῦσι (ν) |
ACC | λιπόντας | λιπούσας | λιπόντα |
Second Aorist Middle Participle
- There is no augment
- The second aorist participle is built on the second aorist stem
- The endings are just like the present middle participle
- The primary difference between the 2nd Aorist Middle participle and the Present Middle participle is the use of the 2nd Aorist stem
Singular | |||
Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
---|---|---|---|
NOM | λιπόμενος | λιπομένη | λιπόμενον |
GEN | λιπομένου | λιπομένης | λιπομένου |
DAT | λιπομένῳ | λιπομένῃ | λιπομένῳ |
ACC | λιπόμενον | λιπομένην | λιπόμενον |
VOC | λιπών | λιποῦσα | λιπόν |
Plural | |||
Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
NOM | λιπόμενοι | λιπόμεναι | λιπόμενα |
GEN | λιπομένων | λιπομένων | λιπομένων |
DAT | λιπομένοις | λιπομέναις | λιπομένοις |
ACC | λιπομένους | λιπομένας | λιπόμενα |
VOC | λιπόμενοι | λιπόμεναι | λιπόμενα |
- The kind of action in the aorist participle is punctiliar, i.e., finished action.
Predicate position
- There is no article "the" in front of the participle.
- The time of action is before the action of the main verb.
- The time of the aorist participle happens first, then it is followed by the time of the main verb.
- As pointed out in the last lesson, you can use one of three English expressions to indicate that the participle time took place before the time of the action of the main verb.
- Thus λύσας can be translated
- having loosed
- when he had loosed
- after he had loosed or after he loosed
- Example
- ὁ ἄνθρωπος εἰπὼν ταῦτα βλέπει τὸν κύριον.
- The man, having said these things, is seeing the Lord.
- Possible: After he said these things, the man sees the Lord.
- There is a slight problem with this one because of who is speaking.
- Does "he" refer to the "man" or to the "Lord"?
- The participle says it should be the "man"; but in the English translation the identity is not clear.
- Better: After the man said these things, he sees the Lord.
- Example
- εἰπὼν ταῦτα ἐξῆλθεν ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου.
- Having said these things, he went out of the house.
- or After he said these things, he went out of the house.
Attributive position
- In the attributive position, the aorist participle is to be translated with a relative pronoun.
- ὁ λύσας
- the one who loosed or he who loosed.
- ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ εἰπὼν ταῦτα ἦλθεν εἰς τὸν οἶκον.
- The man who said these things went into the house.
- ὁ εἰπὼν ταῦτα ἦλθεν εἰς τὸν οἶκον.
- The man who had said these things went into the house.
Translate the following:
- ἐξελθὼν ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου ταῦτα εἶπεν.
- πισταί εἰσιν αἱ δεξάμεναι τοὺς ἀποστόλους τοὺς διωκομένους.
- ὁ μὴ ἰδὼν τὸν κύριον οὐκ ἐπίστευσεν εἰς αὐτόν.
- ἔτι ὢν ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ ὁ κύριος εἶπε ταῦτα τοῖς ἐξελθοῦσιν ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου καὶ πορευομένοις μετʼ αὐτοῦ πρὸς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν.
- πονηροὶ ἦσαν οἱ ἄγγελοι οἱ πεσόντες ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ.
- κηρύσσομεν περὶ τοῦ σώσαντος ἡμᾶς καὶ καθαρίσαντος ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν.
- συναγαγόντες οἱ μαθηταὶ ἐδόξασαν τὸ ὄναμα τοῦ θεοῦ.
- τὰ τέκνα τὰ λαβόντα ταῦτα ἀπὸ τῶν ἀκουσάντων τοῦ χριστοῦ εἶδεν αὐτὸν ἔτι ὄντα ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ.
- οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ κηρύξαντες τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς ἀγάπης, ἀλλʼ ἐκεῖνοί εἰσιν οἱ διώξαντες τοὺς πιστεύοντας αὐτό.
- δεξάμενοι ἄρτον ἀπὸ τοῦ μεσσίου οἱ ὄχλοι ἀπῆλθον εἰς τὴν πόλιν.
- ἀκούσαντες τῶν λεγομένων ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀποστόλου τοῦ χριστοῦ τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ, ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν καὶ ἔλαβον τὴν χάριν αὐτοῦ.