Greek | Meaning | Notes |
---|---|---|
ἀγαπάω | I love | |
δηλόω | I show | |
εὐλογέω | I bless | Cognate: eulogy (i.e., say good, speak well) |
εὐχαριστέω | I give thanks | Cognate: eucharist |
ζητέω | I seek | |
θεωρέω | I behold | |
καλέω | I call | |
λαλέω | I speak | usually with the tongue |
παρακαλέω | I exhort, comfort | Lit.: call alongside |
περιπατέω | I walk about | |
ποιέω | I do, make | |
σταυρόω | I crucify | |
τηρέω | I keep | |
τιμάω | I honor | |
φιλέω | I love | Cognate: philial |
Contract Verbs
- Contract verbs are those in which the stem in the vocabulary form ends in a vowel:
-αω, -οω, -εω.- In tenses such as the aorist, future, perfect, and future perfect passive, a consonant is normally inserted after the stem vowel.
- For example: the future of φιλέω should be φιλέσω, but the ε is lengtened to η resulting in φιλήσω.
- Also: the future of δηλόω is δηλώσω
- And: the future of τιμάω is τιμήσω
- καλέω is an exception to this rule. The future is καλέσω instead of καλήσω.
- In the present and imperfect tenses, the thematic connecting vowel ο/ε then they combines with the final vowel of the stem to form a different vowel or diphthong.
- In tenses such as the aorist, future, perfect, and future perfect passive, a consonant is normally inserted after the stem vowel.
The pattern of contraction
PERSONAL ENDINGS | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ε | η | ει | ῃ | ο | ω | ου | οι | ||
S T E M | ε | ει | η | ει | ῃ | ου | ω | ου | οι |
α | α | α | ᾳ | ᾳ | ω | ω | ω | ῳ | |
ο | ου | ου | οι | οι | ου | ω | ου | οι |
- If the stem of the word ends in one of the three vowels on the left side and you add one of the vowels from a personal ending from along the top row, the intersection of the row and column will be the resulting contraction.
- For example τιμάω means "I honor"; but if you wanted "we honor," the stem is τιμα- and you need to add -ομεν. The result would be τιμαομεν; but the α at the end of the stem merges with the ο of -ομεν resulting in τιμῶμεν
- Notice the following:
- The o-sound is strong and overcomes the α or ε
- Thus ε + ο = ου, ε + ω = ω, ε + ου = ου, ε + οι = οι
- Thus α + ο = ου, α + ω = ω, α + ου = ου, α + οι = οι
- The ι in the personal endings remains even if it becomes an iota-subscript.
- Thus ε + ει = ει, ε + ῃ = ῃ, ε + οι = οι
- Thus α + ει = ᾳ, α + ῃ = ᾳ, α + οι = ῳ
- Thus ο + ει = οι, ο + ῃ = οι, ο + οι = οι
- α is stronger than ε or η
- The o-sound is strong and overcomes the α or ε
- The uncontracted forms do not appear in the New Testament.
- They are shown in the examples below to indicate how they are formed.
Uncontracted | Contracted | Uncontracted | Contracted |
---|---|---|---|
τιμάω | τιμῶ | τιμάομεν | τιμῶμεν |
τιμάεις | τιμᾷς | τιμάετε | τιμᾶτε |
τιμάει | τιμᾷ | τιμάουσι | τιμῶσι |
Uncontracted | Contracted | Uncontracted | Contracted |
---|---|---|---|
φιλέω | φιλῶ | φιλέομεν | φιλοῦμεν |
φιλέεις | φιλεῖς | φιλέετε | φιλεῖτε |
φιλέει | φιλεῖ | φιλέουσι | φιλοῦσι |
Uncontracted | Contracted | Uncontracted | Contracted |
---|---|---|---|
δηλόω | δηλῶ | δηλόομεν | δηλοῦμεν |
δηλόεις | δηλοῖς | δηλόετε | δηλοῦτε |
δηλόει | δηλοῖ | δηλόουσι | δηλοῦσι |
Liquid Verbs
- Liquid verbs are those where the stem ends in λ, μ, ν, ρ
- In the future tense, they drop the σ and add an ε
- Thus they act like a contract verb with the stem ending in ε
- They are contracted according to the previous contract rules
- κρίνω in the future would normally become κρίνσω, but the σ drops out and ε is added to become κρινέω. Now contraction of έω takes place to make it κρινῶ.
Translate the following:
- εἰ ἀγαπῶμεν τὸν κύριον, τηρῶμεν τὰς ἐντολὰς αὐτοῦ καὶ ποιῶμεν τὰ λαλούμενα ἡμῖν ὑπʼαὐτοῦ.
- ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν οἱ πονηροὶ, ἵνα θεωρῶσι τὰ ποιούμενα ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ.
- ὁ μαθητὴς ἐλάλησεν ταῦτα τοῖς περιπατοῦσιν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ.
- οὐκ εὐλογήσει ὁ θεὸς τὸν μὴ περιπατοῦντα κατὰ τὰς ἐντολὰς τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ.
- ταῦτα ἐποιεῖτε ἡμῖν ὅτι φιλεῖτε τὸν καλέσαντα ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτοῦ.
- ἐθεώρουν τὸν ἰησοῦν σταυρούμενον ὑπὸ τῶν στρατιωτῶν.
- εὐχαριστῶμεν τῷ θεῷ καὶ τιμῶμεν τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ.
- ὁ θεὸς ἠγάπησεν τὸν κόσμον καὶ παρακαλεῖ ἀνθρώπους ἀγαπᾶν τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ.
- ὁ ἰησοῦς λέγει τῷ μαθητῇ, σίμων, φιλεῖς με;
- καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ, κύριε, σὺ γινώσκεις ὅτι φιλῶ σε.
- ἐὰν ἐν τῷ φωτὶ περιπατῶμεν ὡς αὐτός ἐστιν ἐν τῷ φωτί, τὸ αἶμα ἰησοῦ τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ καθαρίζει ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν.
- ἐὰν εἴπωμεν ὅτι οὐχ ἡμαρτήκαμεν, ψεύστην ποιοῦμεν αὐτὸν καὶ ὁ λόγος αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν ἡμῖν.