Greek | Meaning | Notes |
---|---|---|
ἀκολουθέω | I follow | |
αἰτέω | I ask | |
δοκέω | I think, seem | |
ἐρωτάω | I ask, request | |
ἐπερωτάω | I ask (a question) | |
μαρτυρέω | I testify | Cognate: martyr |
προσκυνέω | I worship | |
πληρόω | I fill, fulfill | |
ἀλλήλων | of one another | |
τὸ ὑπάρχοντα | one's belongings | |
τίς, τί | who? what? | |
τις, τι | someone, something, a certain one, a certain thing | |
ἐὰν μή | unless |
Relative pronoun
- The relative pronoun: ὅς (who, which, that, as in The man who sleeps in class won’t learn.)
Singular | Plural | |||||
Masc | Fem | Neut | Masc | Fem | Neut | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nom | ὅς | ἥ | ὅ | οἵ | αἵ | ἅ |
Gen | οὗ | ἧς | οὗ | ὧν | ὧν | ὧν |
Dat | ᾧ | ᾗ | ᾧ | οἷς | αἷς | οἷς |
Acc | ὅν | ἥν | ὅ | οὕς | ἅς | ἅ |
- The relative pronoun is used to relate one substantive to another.
- A substantive is a word or expression that is a noun or acts like a noun
- A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number, but its case is determined by its function in its clause.
- ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὃς εἶδε τὸν κύριόν ἐστιν νῦν ἀπόστολος.
The man who saw the lord is now an apostle.- The pronoun ὃς is masculine and singular to agree with ἄνθρωπος "man"
- but it is nominative because it is the subject of εἶδε "saw."
- ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὃν εἶδες ἐξῆλθεν ἐκ τῆς πόλεως.
The man whom you saw came out of the city.- The pronoun is masculine and singular
- but it is accusative as the direct object of εἶδες "you saw" even though "man" is in the nominative case.
- Often a relative pronoun is so closely related to its antecedent that it is attracted to the case of the antecedent.
- In other words, it takes the case form of the antecedent even though it retains is own case function.
- ὃς ἂν πίῃ ἐκ τοῦ ὕδατος οὗ ἐγὼ δώσω αὐτῷ Whoever drinks of the water which I shall give him.
- The relative pronoun "which" should have been in the accusative case, but it is so close to the genitive case of "water" that it took its case.
- Sometimes the antecedent of a relative pronoun is not expressed.
- ὃς οὐκ ἔστιν καθʼ ὑμῶν ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ἐστιν.
- There is no antecedent for ὃς
- Translate it as: He who is not against you is for you.
Interogative pronoun
- The interrogative pronoun τίς Who? What?
Singular | Plural | |||
M & F | N | M & F | N | |
Nom | τίς | τί | τίνες | τίνα |
Gen | τίνος | τίνος | τίνων | τίνων |
Dat | τίνι | τίνι | τίσι (ν) | τίσι (ν) |
Acc | τίνα | τί | τίσας | τίνα |
- Notes:
- This pronoun introduces a direct or indirect question.
- The acute accent never changes to a grave accent
- τίς εἶ; Who are you? (a direct question)
- τί λέγει; What is he saying? (a direct question)
- οὐ τί ἐγὼ θέλω, ἀλλὰ τί σύ Not what I wish but what you (wish). (an indirect question)
- οἶδά σε τίς εἶ I know you who you are. (an indirect question)
Indefinite pronoun τις, τι
- The forms of the indefinite pronoun are exactly the same as those of the interrogative pronoun except for the accent.
- Either the accent will be missing or it will be grave.
- It will never be an acute.
- It is translated: someone, something, a certain one, a certain thing.
- ἐὰν μή τις γεννηθῇ ἄνωθεν – unless someone is born from above.
- εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν εἰσῆλθέ τις – into the church came a certain man.
The indefinite relative pronoun ὅστις, who
- This pronoun is a combination of the relative pronoun ὅς and the indefinite pronoun τις
- In the New Testament, it is found only in the nominative case
- Singular: ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅτι
- Plural: οἵτινες αἵτινες, ἅτινα
- There is a qualitiative sense to the use of the word, but can be translated "who"
Reciprocal pronoun ἀλλήλων, each other
- In the New Testament, it appears only as Genitive, Dative, and Accusative plural forms. ἀλλήλων, ἀλλήλοις, ἀλλήλους.
- The word expresses an interchange between the members of the group
- ἀγαπῶμεν ἀλλήλους -- let us love one another.
- ἐξεκαύθησαν ἐν τῇ ὀρέξει αὐτῶν εἰς ἀλλήλους – they burned in their lust for one another
Reflexive pronoun
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Gen | έμαυτοῦ | ἐμαυτῆς | ἑαυτῶν | ἑαυτῶν |
Dat | ἐμαυτῷ | ἐμαυτῇ | ἑαυτοῖς | ἑαυταῖς |
Acc | ἐμαυτόν | ἐμαυτήν | ἑαυτούς | ἑαυτάς |
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Gen | σεαυτοῦ | σεαυτῆς | ἑαυτῶν | ἑαυτῶν |
Dat | σεαυτῷ | σεαυτῇ | ἑαυτοῖς | ἑαυταῖς |
Acc | σεαυτόν | σεαυτήν | ἑαυτούς | ἑαυτάς |
Singular | |||
---|---|---|---|
Masc | Fem | Neut | |
Gen | ἑαυτοῦ | ἑαυτῆς | ἑαυτοῦ |
Dat | ἑαυτῷ | ἑαυτῇ | ἑαυτῷ |
Acc | ἑαυτόν | ἑαυτήν | ἑαυτό |
Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|
Masc | Fem | Neut | |
Gen | ἑαυτῶν | ἑαυτῶν | ἑαυτῶν |
Dat | ἑαυτοῖς | ἑαυταῖς | ἑαυτοῖς |
Acc | ἑαυτούς | ἑαυτάς | ἑαυτά |
- There is no Nominative case in the reciprocal pronouns
- Note that the plural forms for the third person are the same as for the first and second person.
- The use of the reciprocal idea is found in the intensive use of the pronoun αὐτὸς which we studied in a previous lesson.
- In that earlier lesson, we learned that if αὐτὸς is not in the attributive position (i.e., no "the" in front of it) and is in the Nominative case, then it is to be translated self or selves as an intensive of the subject.
- Now we come to the reflexive pronoun which seems to be similar.
Intensive use of αὐτός | Reflexive Pronoun |
---|---|
αὐτὸς ἀκοὺω τὸν λόγον | ἀκοὺω ἐμαυτόν |
I myself hear the word | I hear myself |
intensifies the subject | reflects the action back to the subject |
is part of the complete subject | is part of the complete predicate |
is always nominative | is never nominative |
- The function of the reflexive pronoun expresses action of the subject upon itself
- οὐ γὰρ ἑαυτοὺς κηρύσσομεν -- For we preach not ourselves
- λέγω ταῦτα περὶ ἐμαυτοῦ – I say these things concerning myself.
The possessive pronouns or adjectives
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masc | Fem | Neut | Masc | Fem | Neut | |
Nom | ἐμός | ἐμή | ἐμόν | ἐμοί | ἐμαί | ἐμά |
Gen | ἐμοῦ | ἐμῆς | ἐμοῦ | ἐμῶν | ἐμῶν | ἐμῶν |
Dat | ἐμῷ | ἐμῇ | ἐμῷ | ἐμοῖς | ἐμαῖς | ἐμοῖς |
Acc | ἐμόν | ἐμήν | ἐμόν | ἐμούς | ἐμάς | ἐμά |
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masc | Fem | Neut | Masc | Fem | Neut | |
Nom | σός | σή | σόν | σοί | σαί | σά |
Gen | σοῦ | σῆς | σοῦ | σῶν | σῶν | σῶν |
Dat | σῷ | σῇ | σῷ | σοῖς | σαῖς | σοῖς |
Acc | σόν | σήν | σόν | σούς | σάς | σά |
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masc | Fem | Neut | Masc | Fem | Neut | |
Nom | ἴδιος | ἰδία | ἴδιον | ἴδιοι | ἴδιαι | ἴδια |
Gen | ἰδίου | ἰδίας | ἰδίου | ίδίων | ίδίων | ίδίων |
Dat | ἰδίῳ | ἰδίᾳ | ἰδίῳ | ἰδίοις | ἰδίαις | ἰδίοις |
Acc | ἴδιον | ἰδίαν | ἴδιον | ἰδίους | ἰδίας | ἴδια |
The negative pronouns
- οὐδείς = no one, used with indicative mode
- μηδείς = no one, used with other modes than the indicative
- There is only the singular, not plural
- The pattern for μηδείς is similar to οὐδείς
Masc | Fem | Neut | |
---|---|---|---|
Nom | οὐδείς | οὐδεμία | οὐδέν |
Gen | οὐδενός | οὐδεμιᾶς | οὐδενός |
Dat | οὐδενί | οὐδεμιᾷ | οὐδενί |
Acc | οὐδένα | οὐδεμίαν | οὐδέν |
- οὐδεὶς ἔρχεται πρὸς τὸν πατέρα εἰ μὴ διʼ ἐμοῦ.
No one comes to the Father except [lit. if not] through me. - μηδεὶς πλανάτω ὑμᾶς.
Let no one deceive you !
Distinguish the following similar words
- ἡ = the (fem)
- ἥ = relative pronoun who (fem) nominative
- ᾗ = relative pronoun in whom (fem) Dative
- ἤ = or
- ἤ = than
- ἤ + πριν = before
- ἦ = he may be
Translate the following:
- Ὃ ἦν ἀπ᾿ ἀρχῆς, ὃ ἀκηκόαμεν, ὃ ἑωράκαμεν τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς ἡμῶν, ὃ ἐθεασάμεθα καὶ αἱ χεῖρες ἡμῶν ἐψηλάφησαν περὶ τοῦ λόγου τῆς ζωῆς —
- καὶ ἡ ζωὴ ἐφανερώθη, καὶ ἑωράκαμεν καὶ μαρτυροῦμεν καὶ ἀπαγγέλλομεν ὑμῖν τὴν ζωὴν τὴν αἰώνιον ἥτις ἦν πρὸς τὸν πατέρα καὶ ἐφανερώθη ἡμῖν —
- ὃ ἑωράκαμεν καὶ ἀκηκόαμεν, ἀπαγγέλλομεν καὶ ὑμῖν, ἵνα καὶ ὑμεῖς κοινωνίαν ἔχητε μεθ᾿ ἡμῶν. καὶ ἡ κοινωνία δὲ ἡ ἡμετέρα μετὰ τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ μετὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ.
- καὶ ταῦτα γράφομεν ἡμεῖς, ἵνα ἡ χαρὰ ἡμῶν ᾖ πεπληρωμένη.
- καὶ ἔστιν αὕτη ἡ ἀγγελία ἣν ἀκηκόαμεν ἀπ᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀναγγέλλομεν ὑμῖν, ὅτι ὁ θεὸς φῶς ἐστιν καὶ σκοτία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδεμία.
- Ἐὰν εἴπωμεν ὅτι κοινωνίαν ἔχομεν μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐν τῷ σκότει περιπατῶμεν, ψευδόμεθα καὶ οὐ ποιοῦμεν τὴν ἀλήθειαν·
- ἐὰν δὲ ἐν τῷ φωτὶ περιπατῶμεν ὡς αὐτός ἐστιν ἐν τῷ φωτί, κοινωνίαν ἔχομεν μετ᾿ ἀλλήλων καὶ τὸ αἷμα Ἰησοῦ τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ καθαρίζει ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ πάσης ἁμαρτίας.
- ἐὰν εἴπωμεν ὅτι ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ ἔχομεν, ἑαυτοὺς πλανῶμεν καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν ἡμῖν.
- ἐὰν ὁμολογῶμεν τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν, πιστός ἐστιν καὶ δίκαιος, ἵνα ἀφῇ ἡμῖν τὰς ἁμαρτίας καὶ καθαρίσῃ ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ πάσης ἀδικίας.
- ἐὰν εἴπωμεν ὅτι οὐχ ἡμαρτήκαμεν, ψεύστην ποιοῦμεν αὐτὸν καὶ ὁ λόγος αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν ἡμῖν.