Greek | Meaning | Notes |
---|---|---|
σάββατον | Sabbath | |
ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός, ὁ | a man (male) | Android, Andrew |
τέ | and | |
τιοῦτος | such | |
σάρξ, σαρκός, ἡ | sarcasm | Literally: strip the flesh. A sarcophagus is a flesh eating stone (grave) from (σάρξ + φάγειν to eat) |
αἰών, αἰῶνος, ὁ | age | eon |
ἄρχων, ἄρχοντος, ὁ | ruler | archbishop |
ἐλπίς, ἐλπίδος, ἡ | hope | |
νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ | night | nocturnal |
χάρις, χάριτος, ἡ | grace | charismatic |
πατήρ, πατρός, ὁ | father | pater |
μήτηρ, μητρός, ἡ | mother | mater |
θυγάτηρ, θυγατρός, ἡ | daughter | |
ἀρχή, ἡ | beginning | archeology |
ἀγγελία, ἡ | message | |
κοινωνία, ἡ | fellowship | |
πᾶς, παντός | all (masc.) | |
πᾶσα, πάσης | all (fem.) | |
πᾶν, παντός | all (neut.) | pantheist = everything is god |
Declension of nouns and adjectives
- First Declension are those nouns which end in α or η that we studied in an earlier lesson.
- For example: ἀγάπη, δόξα, μεσσίας, and προφήτης
- Second declension are those words that end in -ος like λόγος.
- Third declension nouns and adjectives have a different set of endings.
- The stem is found, not in the Nominative case, but in the Genitive case.
- When the word is given in the vocabulary, it is followed by the Genitive case so that you can find the stem.
- Remove the -ος from the Genitive form to reveal the stem.
- The endings, however are regular.
- The stem is found, not in the Nominative case, but in the Genitive case.
Singular | Plural | |||||
Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NOM | -ς (or none) | -ς (or none) | none | -ες | -ες | -α |
GEN | -ος | -ος | -ος | -ων | -ων | -ων |
DAT | -ι | -ι | -ι | -σι | -σι | -σι |
ACC | -ν or -α | -ν or -α | none | -ας | -ας | -α |
VOC | none | none | none | -ες | -ες | -α |
Types of third declension
- There are five major classes of third declension nouns
- Liquid
- Mute
- Syncopated
- Vowel stem
- Neuter
- Within these groups are other divisions, especially in the Vowel stem and Neuter types.
- These will be seen in the next two lessons.
- In the Dative plural case, the ending is σι, however when that ending is added to a stem that ends in a consonant, there are some changes.
- π, β, φ + σι = ψι
- κ, γ, χ + σι = ξι
- τ, δ, θ + σι = σι
- ν + σι = σι
- ντ + σι = σι and the preceding vowel changes.
- ο becomes ου
- α becomes η
- ε becomes η
Liquid stem nouns
- Stems that end in λ, μ, ν, ρ in the GEN before the ος ending are liquid stems
- Most are masculine nouns, but a few are feminine.
- Both masculine and feminine are declined like αἰών
- The stem is found in the Genitive singular by removing -ος
- In the Dative plural, all the liquid stems (λ, μ, ν), except ρ, drop out before the σι ending.
age | speaker, orator | |||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
NOM | αἰών | αἰῶνες | ῥήτωρ | ῥήτορες |
GEN | αἰῶνος | αἰώνων | ῥήτορος | ῥητόρων |
DAT | αἰῶνι | αἰῶσι | ῥήτορι | ῥήτορσι |
ACC | αἰῶνα | αἰῶνας | ῥήτορα | ῥήτορας |
VOC | αἰών | αἰῶνες | ῥῆτορ | ῥήτορες |
Mute stem nouns
- Mute consonants are κ, γ, π, β, τ, δ
- Some mute stem nouns are masculine while others are feminine
- Both ἐλπίς and χάρις look alike except for the accent.
- Another difference is that in the Accusative singular, one ends in α while the other ends in ν.
- Here's the rule:
- noun stem ends in τ, δ, or θ
- preceded by ι or υ (thus ιτ, ιδ, ιθ, υτ, υδ, υθ)
- in the NOM, last syllable is not accented
- then the ACC singular has the ν ending
- the mute consonant drops out.
- otherwise, the ACC singular ends in α
ἐλπίς, ἡ | χάρις, ἡ | |||
Sing. | Plur. | Sing. | Plur. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
NOM | ἐλπίς | ἐλπίδες | χάρις | χάριτες |
GEN | ἐλπίδος | ἐλπίδων | χάριτος | χαρίτων |
DAT | ἐλπίδι | ἐλπίσι | χάριτι | χάρισι |
ACC | ἐλπίδα | ἐλπίδας | χάριν | χάριτας |
VOC | ἐλπίς | ἐλπίδες | χάρις | χάριτες |
νύξ, ἡ | ἄρχων, ὁ | |||
Sing. | Plur. | Sing. | Plur. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
NOM | νύξ | νύκτες | ἄρχων | ἄρχοντες |
GEN | νυκτός | νυκτῶν | ἄρχοντος | ἀρχόντων |
DAT | νυκτί | νυξί | ἄρχοντι | ἄρχουσι (ν) |
ACC | νύκτα | νύκτας | ἄρχοντα | ἄρχοντας |
VOC | νύξ | νύκτες | ἄρχων | ἄρχοντες |
ἀσπίς, ἠ | ||
Sing. | Plur. | |
---|---|---|
NOM | ἀσπίς | ἀσπίδες |
GEN | ἀσπίδος | ἀσπίδων |
DAT | ἀσπίδι | ἀσπίσι |
ACC | ἀσπίδα | ἀσπίδας |
VOC | ἀσπίς | ἀσπίδες |
Syncopated nouns
- The name comes from the fact that the accent shifts
- The stem is found by changing the η to ε in the nominative singular
- The Genitive and Dative singular forms drop the ε of the stem and accent the last syllable.
- The Vocative singular is the simple stem of the noun and the accent is recessive.
- The stem vowel is accented in all plural forms.
- The Dative plural form drops the stem vowel ε and inserts an α before the σι ending.
Sing. | Plur. | |
---|---|---|
NOM | πατήρ | πατέρες |
GEN | πατρός | πατέρων |
DAT | πατρί | πατράσι |
ACC | πατέρα | πατέρας |
VOC | πάτερ | πατέρες |
Sing. | Plur. | |
---|---|---|
NOM | μήτηρ | μητέρες |
GEN | μητρός | μητέρων |
DAT | μητρί | μητράσι |
ACC | μητέρα | μητέρας |
VOC | μῆτερ | μητέρες |
Sing. | Plur. | |
---|---|---|
NOM | ἀνήρ | ἄνδρες |
GEN | ἀνδρός | ἀνδρῶν |
DAT | ἀνδρί | ἀνδράσι |
ACC | ἄνδρα | ἄνδρας |
VOC | ἄνερ | ἄνδρες |
Translate the following:
- ἐλπίδα οὐκ ἔχομεν ὅτι οὐ γινώσκομεν τὸν κύριον.
- τῇ χάριτι αὐτοῦ ὁ θεὸς ἔσωσεν ἁμαρτωλούς.
- ὁ λόγος μου μένει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα.
- ὁ ἀπόστολος οὐκέτι γινώσκει τὸν κύριον κατὰ τὴν σάρκα.
- ὁ πονηρὸς μαθητὴς ἐξῆλθε καὶ ἦν νύξ.
- ἄρχων ἦλθε πρὸς τὸν χριστὸν καὶ ἐδιδάχθη τὴν ὁδὸν τῆς ζωῆς.
- λέγομεν ὅτι ἔχομεν κοινωνίαν μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ.
- αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἀγγελία τῆς ἀληθείας· ὁ θεός ἐστιν ἀγαθὸς καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ μένουσιν ἐν αὐτῷ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων.
- ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λόγος, καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν, καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος. οὗτος ἦν ἐν ἀρχῇ πρὸς τὸν θεόν. πάντα δι᾿ αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο.
- ὁ κύριος διδάσκει ὅτι ὁ θεός ἐστιν ὁ πατὴρ ἀγαθῶν ἀνθρώπων.
- ὁ υἱὸς καὶ ἡ θυγάτηρ λαμβάνουσι καλὰ δῶρα ἀπὸ τῆς μητρὸς αὐτῶν.
- ἀγάπη καὶ ἐλπὶς μένουσι εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα.