top Lesson 20
GreekMeaningNotes
σάββατονSabbath 
ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός, ὁa man (male)Android, Andrew
τέand 
τιοῦτοςsuch 
σάρξ, σαρκός, ἡsarcasmLiterally: strip the flesh. A sarcophagus is a flesh eating stone (grave) from (σάρξ + φάγειν to eat)
αἰών, αἰῶνος, ὁageeon
ἄρχων, ἄρχοντος, ὁrulerarchbishop
ἐλπίς, ἐλπίδος, ἡhope 
νύξ, νυκτός, ἡnightnocturnal
χάρις, χάριτος, ἡgracecharismatic
πατήρ, πατρός, ὁfatherpater
μήτηρ, μητρός, ἡmothermater
θυγάτηρ, θυγατρός, ἡdaughter 
ἀρχή, ἡbeginningarcheology
ἀγγελία, ἡmessage 
κοινωνία, ἡfellowship 
πᾶς, παντόςall (masc.) 
πᾶσα, πάσηςall (fem.) 
πᾶν, παντόςall (neut.)pantheist = everything is god

Declension of nouns and adjectives

  1. First Declension are those nouns which end in α or η that we studied in an earlier lesson.
    1. For example: ἀγάπη, δόξα, μεσσίας, and προφήτης
  2. Second declension are those words that end in -ος like λόγος.
  3. Third declension nouns and adjectives have a different set of endings.
    1. The stem is found, not in the Nominative case, but in the Genitive case.
      1. When the word is given in the vocabulary, it is followed by the Genitive case so that you can find the stem.
    2. Remove the -ος from the Genitive form to reveal the stem.
    3. The endings, however are regular.
 SingularPlural
 Masc.Fem.Neut.Masc.Fem.Neut.
NOM-ς (or none)-ς (or none) none-ες-ες-α
GEN-ος-ος-ος-ων-ων-ων
DAT-ι-ι-ι-σι-σι-σι
ACC-ν or
-α
-ν or
-α
none-ας-ας-α
VOCnonenonenone-ες-ες-α

Types of third declension

  1. There are five major classes of third declension nouns
    1. Liquid
    2. Mute
    3. Syncopated
    4. Vowel stem
    5. Neuter
  2. Within these groups are other divisions, especially in the Vowel stem and Neuter types.
    1. These will be seen in the next two lessons.
  3. In the Dative plural case, the ending is σι, however when that ending is added to a stem that ends in a consonant, there are some changes.
    1. π, β, φ + σι = ψι
    2. κ, γ, χ + σι = ξι
    3. τ, δ, θ + σι = σι
    4. ν + σι = σι
    5. ντ + σι = σι and the preceding vowel changes.
      1. ο becomes ου
      2. α becomes η
      3. ε becomes η

Liquid stem nouns

  1. Stems that end in λ, μ, ν, ρ in the GEN before the ος ending are liquid stems
  2. Most are masculine nouns, but a few are feminine.
  3. Both masculine and feminine are declined like αἰών
  4. The stem is found in the Genitive singular by removing -ος
  5. In the Dative plural, all the liquid stems (λ, μ, ν), except ρ, drop out before the σι ending.
 agespeaker, orator
 SingularPluralSingularPlural
NOMαἰώναἰῶνεςῥήτωρῥήτορες
GENαἰῶνοςαἰώνωνῥήτοροςῥητόρων
DATαἰῶνιαἰῶσιῥήτοριῥήτορσι
ACCαἰῶνααἰῶναςῥήτοραῥήτορας
VOCαἰώναἰῶνεςῥῆτορῥήτορες


Mute stem nouns

  1. Mute consonants are κ, γ, π, β, τ, δ
  2. Some mute stem nouns are masculine while others are feminine
  3. Both ἐλπίς and χάρις look alike except for the accent.
  4. Another difference is that in the Accusative singular, one ends in α while the other ends in ν.
  5. Here's the rule:
    1. noun stem ends in τ, δ, or θ
    2. preceded by ι or υ (thus ιτ, ιδ, ιθ, υτ, υδ, υθ)
    3. in the NOM, last syllable is not accented
    4. then the ACC singular has the ν ending
    5. the mute consonant drops out.
    6. otherwise, the ACC singular ends in α
Mute Stem
 ἐλπίς, ἡχάρις, ἡ
 Sing.Plur.Sing.Plur.
NOMἐλπίςἐλπίδεςχάριςχάριτες
GENἐλπίδοςἐλπίδωνχάριτοςχαρίτων
DATἐλπίδιἐλπίσιχάριτιχάρισι
ACCἐλπίδαἐλπίδαςχάρινχάριτας
VOCἐλπίςἐλπίδεςχάριςχάριτες

Mute Stem
 νύξ, ἡἄρχων, ὁ
 Sing.Plur.Sing.Plur.
NOMνύξνύκτεςἄρχωνἄρχοντες
GENνυκτόςνυκτῶνἄρχοντοςἀρχόντων
DATνυκτίνυξίἄρχοντιἄρχουσι (ν)
ACCνύκτανύκταςἄρχονταἄρχοντας
VOCνύξνύκτεςἄρχωνἄρχοντες


Mute Stem
 ἀσπίς, ἠ
 Sing.Plur.
NOMἀσπίςἀσπίδες
GENἀσπίδοςἀσπίδων
DATἀσπίδιἀσπίσι
ACCἀσπίδαἀσπίδας
VOCἀσπίςἀσπίδες


Syncopated nouns

  1. The name comes from the fact that the accent shifts
  2. The stem is found by changing the η to ε in the nominative singular
  3. The Genitive and Dative singular forms drop the ε of the stem and accent the last syllable.
  4. The Vocative singular is the simple stem of the noun and the accent is recessive.
  5. The stem vowel is accented in all plural forms.
  6. The Dative plural form drops the stem vowel ε and inserts an α before the σι ending.
Syncopated: πατήρ, ὁ
 Sing.Plur.
NOMπατήρπατέρες
GENπατρόςπατέρων
DATπατρίπατράσι
ACCπατέραπατέρας
VOCπάτερπατέρες

Syncopated: μήτηρ, ἡ
 Sing.Plur.
NOMμήτηρμητέρες
GENμητρόςμητέρων
DATμητρίμητράσι
ACCμητέραμητέρας
VOCμῆτερμητέρες

Syncopated: ἀνήρ, ὁ
 Sing.Plur.
NOMἀνήρἄνδρες
GENἀνδρόςἀνδρῶν
DATἀνδρίἀνδράσι
ACCἄνδραἄνδρας
VOCἄνερἄνδρες


Translate the following:

  1. ἐλπίδα οὐκ ἔχομεν ὅτι οὐ γινώσκομεν τὸν κύριον.
  2. τῇ χάριτι αὐτοῦ ὁ θεὸς ἔσωσεν ἁμαρτωλούς.
  3. ὁ λόγος μου μένει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα.
  4. ὁ ἀπόστολος οὐκέτι γινώσκει τὸν κύριον κατὰ τὴν σάρκα.
  5. ὁ πονηρὸς μαθητὴς ἐξῆλθε καὶ ἦν νύξ.
  6. ἄρχων ἦλθε πρὸς τὸν χριστὸν καὶ ἐδιδάχθη τὴν ὁδὸν τῆς ζωῆς.
  7. λέγομεν ὅτι ἔχομεν κοινωνίαν μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ.
  8. αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἀγγελία τῆς ἀληθείας· ὁ θεός ἐστιν ἀγαθὸς καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ μένουσιν ἐν αὐτῷ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων.
  9. ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λόγος, καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν, καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος. οὗτος ἦν ἐν ἀρχῇ πρὸς τὸν θεόν. πάντα δι᾿ αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο.
  10. ὁ κύριος διδάσκει ὅτι ὁ θεός ἐστιν ὁ πατὴρ ἀγαθῶν ἀνθρώπων.
  11. ὁ υἱὸς καὶ ἡ θυγάτηρ λαμβάνουσι καλὰ δῶρα ἀπὸ τῆς μητρὸς αὐτῶν.
  12. ἀγάπη καὶ ἐλπὶς μένουσι εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα.