top Lesson 19
GreekMeaningNotes
ἐβλήθηνI was thrownAor. Pass. of βάλλω
ἐγενήθηνI becameAor. Pass. of γίνομαι
ἐγνώσθηνI was knownAor. Pass. of γινώσκω
ἐδιδάχθηνI was taughtAor. Pass. of διδάσκω
ἐκηρύχθηνI was preachedAor. Pass. of κηρύσω
ἐλήμφθηνI was takenAor. Pass. of λαμβάνω
ἐπορεύθηνI wentAor. Pass. of πορεύομαι
ἠκούσθηνI was heardAor. Pass. of ἀκούω
ἐλείφθηνI was leftAor. Pass. of λείπω
ἀπεστάληνI was sentAor. Pass. of ἀποστέλλω
ἐγράφηνI was writtenAor. Pass. of γράφω
ὤφθηνI was seenAor. Pass. of βλέπω
διώκωI follow, pursue, persecute 
τρίβωI rub 
νέμωdispense, divide, assign 

First Aorist Passive

First aorist passive indicative of λύω
Singular
 FormMeaning
1stἐλύθηνI was loosed
2ndἐλύθηςyous were loosed
3rdἐλύθηhe/she/it was loosed
Plural
 FormMeaning
1stἐλύθημενwe were loosed
2ndἐλύθητεyoup were loosed
3rdἐλύθησανthey were loosed

  1. The first aorist passive has an ending θη immediately after the stem.
  2. Then the secondary endings follow: -ν, -ς, -, -μεν, -τε, -σαν
  3. These are the secondary ACTIVE endings, but the voice is passive, meaning the subject is acted upon.
  4. Although the Imperfect Active is translated using "was/were," it is followed by a verb ending with "-ing."
    1. For example: He was hitting a man.
  5. The Aorist passive is also translated using "was/were," but it is followed by a verb with a past tense (often -ed ending).
    1. For example: He was hit by a man.
    2. The word was preached.
  6. If the stem ends in a vowel (like λυ- in λύω), then θη is added to the stem with no change.
  7. If the stem ends in a consonant, then the following happens:
    1. ν drops out.
      E.g., κρίνω becomes ε + κρι + θη + ν = ἐκρίθην
    2. λ stays there.
      E.g., ἀγγέλλω becomes η + γγελ + θη + ν = ἠγγέλθην.
    3. ρ stays there.
      E.g., αἶρω becomes η + ρ + θη + ν = ἤρθην.
    4. μ adds an η to the stem.
      E.g., νέμω becomes ε + νεμ + η + θη + ν = ἐνεμήθην.
    5. γ is changed to χ.
      ἄγω becomes ἤχθην
    6. κ is changed to χ.
      διώκω becomes ἐδιώχθην.
    7. χ is retained.
      The true stem of διδάσκω is διδαχ- thus it becomes ἐδιδάχθην.
    8. π is changed to φ.
      λείπω becomes ἐλείφθην.
    9. β is changed to φ.
      τρίβω becomes ἐτρίφθην.
    10. τ, δ, θ are changed to σ.
      πείθω becomes ἐπείσθην.
    11. ζ, ξ, σ, ψ are changed into σ.
      βαπτίζω becomes ἐβαπτίσθην.
    12. Summary
      1. π, β, φ before θ = φθ
      2. κ, γ, χ before θ = χθ
      3. τ, δ, θ before θ = σθ

Second Aorist Passive

Second aorist passive indicative of ἀποστέλλω
Singular
 FormMeaning
1stἀπεστάληνI was sent
2ndἀπεστάληςyous were sent
3rdἀπεστάληhe/she/it was sent
Plural
 FormMeaning
1stἀπεστάλημενwe were sent
2ndἀπεστάλητεyoup were sent
3rdἀπεστάλησανthey were sent

  1. The second aorist passive is just like the first aorist passive except the θ is missing.
  2. See the following verbs:
    1. ἀναγελω becomes ἀνηγγέλην
    2. ἀποστέλλω becomes ἀπεστάλην
    3. γράφω becomes ἐγράφην
    4. φαίνω becomes ἐφάνην
  3. Some verbs like γράφω have the first aorist form in the active voice, but second aorist form in the passive voice.
  4. Some verbs like λείπω have second aorist form in the active voice and first aorist form in the passive voice.

Aorist Passive function

  1. They indicate finished action received by the subject in past time.
  2. Note how verbs are translated using the passive forms
    1. Present passive: λύομαι = I am being loosed
    2. Imperfect passive: ἐλυόμην = I was being loosed
    3. Aorist passive: έλύθην = I was loosed.

Future Passive

Future passive indicative of λύω
Singular
 FormMeaning
1stλυθήσομαιI shall be loosed
2ndλυθήσῃyous will be loosed
3rdλυθήσεταιhe/she/it will be loosed
Plural
 FormMeaning
1stλυθησόμεθαwe shall be loosed
2ndλυθήσεσθεyoup will be loosed
3rdλυθήσονταιthey will be loosed

  1. The future passive indicative is built on the aorist passive stem
  2. It adds a σ to indicate future and then the primary middle/passive endings
  3. Thus: λυθη + σ + ομαι = λυθήσομαι
  4. The function of the future passive indicates action to be received by the subject in future time.
  5. Most of the time the action is punctiliar, but the context may reveal that it is linear (on-going) action.
  6. Deponent verbs vary in the aorist and future passive.
    1. Some deponent verbs have passive forms.
    2. For example: ἀποκρίνομαι in the aorist passive is ἀπεκρίθην = I answered.
    3. Some deponent verbs have both passive and middle forms in the aorist.
    4. For example γίνομαι can appear as ἐγενόμην (a middle form) or as ἐγενήθην (a passive form).
    5. Both forms should be translated as I became.
    6. There is no difference in function.
  7. Note the following:
TenseACTIVEMIDDLEPASSIVE
Presentλύω = I am loosingλύομαι = I loose myselfλύομαι = I am being loosed
Imperfectἔλυον = I was loosingἐλυὀμην = I was loosing myselfἐλυόμην = I was being loosed
Futureλὐσω = I shall looseλὐσομαι = I shall loose myselfλυθήσομαι = I shall be loosed
Aoristἔλυσα = I loosedἐλυσάμην = I loosed myselfἐλύθην = I was loosed

seventh ID chart

Translate the following:

  1. ἐδιδάχθητε ὑπὸ τῶν ἀποστόλων τοῦ κυρίου.
  2. ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ οἱ νεκροὶ ἐγερθήσονται ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τοῦ θεοῦ.
  3. ταῦτα ἐγράφα ἐν ταῖς γραφαῖς.
  4. οὗτοι οἱ ἁμαρτωλοὶ συνήχθησαν εἰς τὸν οἶκον τοῦ προφήτου.
  5. νῦν μὲν πέμπονται οἱ μαθηταί, τότε δὲ ἐπέμφθησαν καὶ οἱ ἀπόστολοι καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι.
  6. διὰ τῆς ἀγάπης τοῦ χριστοῦ οἱ ἁμαρτωλοὶ ἐσώθησαν καὶ ἐγενήθησαν μαθηταὶ τοῦ κυρίου.
  7. ἐπορεύθημεν εἰς ἕτερον τόπον, ἐκεῖνοι γὰρ οὐκ ἐδέξαντο ἡμᾶς.
  8. τὸ εὐαγγέλιον ἐκηρύχθη ἐν ἐκείναις ταῖς ἡμέραις, καὶ κηρυχθήσεται καὶ νῦν.
  9. ἡ φωνὴ ἠκούσθη καὶ ὁ ἀπόστολος ἀπεστάλη εἰς τὸν κόσμον.
  10. τῶν ἁμαρτωλῶν πρῶτός εἰμι, καὶ δὲ ἐγὼ ἐσώθην τῇ ἀγάπῃ τοῦ θεοῦ.
  11. εἰσῆλθες εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν τοῦ κυρίου καὶ ἐβαπτίσθης.
  12. ἐν ἐκείναις ταῖς ἡμέραις ἀκουσθήσεται ὁ λόγος τῆς εἰρήνης.